Red Blood Cells Function and Structure

Chinese English and Chinglish - Definition and Examples

Speech or writing in English that shows the influence of Chinese language and culture. The terms Chinese English and China English  are often used interchangeably, though some scholars draw distinctions between them. The related term Chinglish, a blend of the words Chinese and English, tends to be used in a humorous or derogatory fashion to characterize English texts such as road signs and menus that have been translated literally and often imprecisely from the Chinese. Chinglish may also refer to the use of Chinese words in an English  conversation  or vice versa. Chinglish is sometimes characterized as an interlanguage. In Global English (2015), Jennifer Jenkins concludes that there are probably more Chinese speakers of English in the world than speakers of any other kind of English. Chinese English and China English With some 250 million Chinese people currently learning to speak English or already fluent, there will soon be more English speakers in China than in the entire British Commonwealth. . . .Since each Chinese ideogram can have many meanings and interpretations, translating Chinese ideas into English is, indeed, extremely difficult. Because of this, Chinese-English hybrid words [such as No noising for Quiet, please, and slippercrafty for treacherously icy road] are often viewed with amusement by the rest of the English-speaking world. Nevertheless, this abundance of new words and phrases, unlikely as it may seem, is one of the prime drivers of the globalization of the English language.(Paul J. J. Payack, A Million Words and Counting: How Global English Is Rewriting the World. Citadel, 2008)On a theoretical level, China English is distinguished systematically from Chinese English, Chinglish, Pidgin English, etc. China English is understood as a standardizing or standardized variety in us e in China, which reflects Chinese cultural norms and concepts. Chinese English refers to varieties of English used by Chinese learners (see Kirkpatrick and Xu 2002). Hu (2004: 27) puts China English at one end of a continuum where lowly Pidgin English or Chinglish is at the other. China English is a language which is as good a communicative tool as standard English, but one which has important Chinese characteristics.(Hans-Georg Wolf, Focus on English. Leipziger Università ¤tsverlag, 2008) Examples of Chinglish Speaking both English and Chinese in ones sentences.Example of a sentence in chinglish: At K-mart, I buy hen duo clothes.(A. Peckham, Mo Urban Dictionary. Andrews McMeel, 2007)Fortified by an army of 600 volunteers and a politburo of adroit English speakers, the [Shanghai Commission for the Management of Language Use] has fixed more than 10,000 public signs (farewell Teliot and urine district), rewritten English-language historical placards and helped hundreds of restaurants recast offerings. . . .But while the war on mangled English may be considered a signature achievement of government officials, aficionados of what is known as Chinglish are wringing their hands in despair. . . .Oliver Lutz Radtke, a former German radio reporter who may well be the world’s foremost authority on Chinglish, said he believed that China should embrace the fanciful melding of English and Chinese as the hallmark of a dynamic, living language. As he sees it, Chinglish is an endangered species that deserves preservation.(Andrew Jacobs, Shanghai Is Trying to Untangle the Mangled English of Chinglish. The New York Times, May 2, 2010)

The Problem Of Drinking And Driving - 1608 Words

There are many problems in the world, but I am only going to focus on one major one. Drinking and driving, the percentage of teens in high school who drink and drive has decreased by more than half since 1991 (â€Å"Teen Drinking and Driving†). One in ten high schoolers drink and drive (â€Å"Teen Drinking and Driving†). Young drivers (ages 16-20) are 17 times more likely to die in a crash when they have a blood alcohol concentration of .08% than when they have not been drinking (â€Å"Teen Drinking and Driving†). Adults and teenagers think it okay to still drink and drive, because people believe they are less drunk than they actually are (â€Å"ReachOut.com†). If someone is drinking and they end up getting drunk, in their head, they believe they can do more than what they actually can do. They feel confident they can drive extra carefully and avoid an incident (â€Å"ReachOut.com†). They believe that while they are driving drunk, they can be carefu l about it and not get caught or get in an accident, but when you are drunk, you have absolutely no control over your body at all. So if you are driving while intoxicated, your body can take over and you ll have no control over what you re doing. Their ability to rationalize is suppressed, leading them to make rash decisions (ReachOut.com). They want to escape personal problems (ReachOut.com). They are trying to forget what is on their mind. They are ashamed or afraid to call someone to pick them up (ReachOut.com). In other words they are afraidShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Drinking And Driving1648 Words   |  7 Pageswaking up one day and realizing the one person who you love dearly has a severe drinking problem. What about finding out that a fellow friend or family member had their life taken from them because someone made the choice to drive after drinking! What if your child’s life was abruptly ended because their friend decided it was cool to drive after having a f ew beers. Well the fact of the matter is drinking and Driving is one of the biggest killers of many young Americans these days. What drivesRead MoreProblems with Drinking and driving1340 Words   |  6 Pages  Driving under the influence, driving while intoxicated, drunken driving, drunk driving, operating under the influence, drinking and driving, or impaired driving is the crime of driving a motor vehicle while impaired by alcohol or other drugs including those prescribed by physicians. In the case of alcohol, a drunk drivers level of intoxication is typically determined by a measurement of blood alcohol content or BAC. A BAC measurement in excess of a specific threshold level, such as 0.05% or 0Read MoreDrinking And Driving1335 Words   |  6 Pages Drink and Driving is and Ongoing Problem Erica Esposito Kean University Abstract This paper explores the research and find results on how drinking and driving has become a big problem in the United States. Drinking and driving effects a person’s ability to operate a vehicle and therefore drunk drivers need to be educated on the repercussions with drinking and driving. Every day drunk drivers are arrested, either for traffic violations, reckless driving, and random stops on theRead MoreTeen Drinking And Driving921 Words   |  4 Pages*date* Teen drinking and driving Drinking and driving is one of the biggest social issues for teens across the United States. Getting behind the wheel of a vehicle after consuming alcohol is a very dangerous thing no matter what age you are. However, teens do not think about the consequences of drinking and driving until it is already too late. Many things contribute to this growing problem of teen drinking and driving. First, there is a lack of education about drinking and driving in schools todayRead MoreDrinking And Driving Is Dangerous1690 Words   |  7 PagesDrinking and Driving is Very Deadly It is very disappointing to see people drinking and driving these days. Have you ever known someone who was injured or have you lost someone so close to you and the cause of his or her death was drinking and driving? It is tragic to see the families who suffer because of injury or the loss of their loved ones because of alcohol. More and more accidents are occurring because of drinking and driving. These accidents often result in injuries and/or death. ForRead MoreResearch Paper Drinking Age1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe legal drinking age refers to the youngest age at which a person is legally allowed to buy and consumes alcoholic beverages. The drinking age varies from country to country. Here in the United States the legal drinking age is twenty-one. There has been much debate on whether the drinking age in the United States should be lowered from twenty-one to eighteen. People in favor of keeping the drinking age at twenty-one believe that there will be less alcohol rel ated injuries and deaths fromRead MoreCause And Effect Of Impaired Driving925 Words   |  4 Pagesseverely injured every day because either they are driving under the influence (DUI) or they are victims of those people who drink and drive. The United States is the country which has the most accidents caused by DUI. According to the article â€Å"Alcohol Involvement in Fatal Crashes†, the U.S has the most impaired driving accidents. Statistics in the article â€Å"Impaired Driving† show that around 10,076 people were killed in ‘alcohol – impaired’ driving in 2013 in the United States. Research shows thatRead MoreDrinking And Driving1180 Words   |  5 PagesDrinking and driving is not always a right thing. When people drink and drive the action of it could get extremely dangerous. Wrecks are one of the main problems that can happen when some people are drunk because some can lose control of what they are trying to do and end up wrecking. Another p roblem is driving under the influence of being on drugs. This can cause serious damage. When people are on drugs, they lose train of thought and half of the time, they forget what they are doing. It does notRead MoreWhy Lower the Legal Drinking Age?801 Words   |  3 Pageslower the drinking age below 21 lose 10% of their annual federal highway appropriations (Haevens). This is the main reason the legal drinking age has not been lower below 21 years of age.a large number of the general population desires a lower drinking age. In the 25 years since the legal drinking age was set at 21, seven states have tried to lower it. (Wechsier ).It is unfair for the federal government to withhold money from states if they exercise their rights to set the legal drinking age to whatRead MoreDrinking And Driving Should Not Be Taken Lightly1500 Words   |  6 Pages Drinking and Driving Have you or someone you know been personally affected by someone who was drinking and driving? If you have then you understand the seriousness of why this is a major problem and should not be taken lightly. Many people have the understanding that they should not drink and drive when they are sober, when they start drinking however, their opinions most of the time change. Alcohol distorts a person s judgement and allows their perception to be altered, people who are under

Bone Remodeling Affected by Osteoporosis-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Bone Remodeling Affected by Osteoporosis. Answer: Introduction Bone remodeling is a cyclical process in which the mature bone tissues are constantly replaced by the new bone tissues. The process of mature or old bone tissue removal is called bone resorption and the process of new bone tissue formation is called ossification (Long, 2012). However, due to osteoporosis the bone remodeling or the reformation of new bone tissues gets affected. While it must be kept within the homeostatic range to minimize the harmful effects of bone thinning. The factors that disrupt the bone remodeling include parathyroid hormone and thyroid hormone (Naylor Eastell, 2012). Discussion The removal of mature bone tissues is both inhibited and enhanced by the signals received from the other parts of the body and the whole process depends on the availability and deficiency of calcium. Parathyroid gland has calcium sensing membrane receptors that senses the level of calcium in the body fluids. When the level of calcium reduces in blood, the parathyroid gland gets stimulated which leads to the secretion of parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin on the other hand reduces the effect of the osteoclasts and inhibits its production. This results in decreased resorption of bone tissues by the osteoclasts (Del Fattore, Teti Rucci, 2012). When parathyroid hormone gets secreted by the parathyroid gland, this in turn increases the level of as well as the activity of osteoclasts. The presence of the osteoclasts before the secretion of parathyroid hormone leads to an increased number and activity of the osteoclasts, the effect of the increased levels of osteoclasts are seen as increased resorption of phosphate and calcium ions. High levels of calcium in blood reduces the release of parathyroid gland and in turn reduced activity of the osteoclasts. Whereas, vitamin D helps in the effective absorption of phosphate and calcium from the intestine. The effects of osteoporosis are evident when the bone tissue formation (resorption) outpaces the process of removal of mature bone tissues (ossification). Due to the effect of osteoporosis bones loses it density, and it becomes fragile and porous (Boyce et al., 2012). The harmful effects of osteoporosis are seen when the effects of osteoblasts in the bone tissue formation falls behind the increased effects of osteoclasts. In the normal and usual bone remodeling cycle, osteoblasts secrete calcium salts and collagen matrix which leads to the formation of new bone tissues. In the next process, the osteoblasts get calcified and its structure gets changed which later forms osteocytes. The levels of calcium in bones are controlled by the osteocytes. The osteocytes remain intact till it is broken down for resorption by the osteoclasts. Thus, due to an imbalance in the levels of calcium in blood, increases the parathyroid hormone and this in turn increases the secretion of osteoclasts. These osteoclasts later remove the phosphate and calcium ions from the bones, and when this process quickens up, results in osteoporosis (Kular et al, 2012). The process of bone formation and the increased resorption by the osteoclasts due to imbalances of calcium in the body is summarized and explained in a concept map Concept Map The concept map explains both the scenarios in which calcium levels drops and increases in blood. When the calcium levels drop, parathyroid hormone releases the parathyroid hormone which elicits the levels of osteoclasts. Osteoclasts then degrades the calcium in the bones which results and in osteoporosis. While, when the calcium is high is blood thyroid gland secretes calcitonin and it stimulates the deposition of calcium in blood. Thus, a homeostasis is maintained References Boyce, B. F., Rosenberg, E., de Papp, A. E., Duong, L. T. (2012). The osteoclast, bone remodelling and treatment of metabolic bone disease. European journal of clinical investigation, 42(12), 1332-1341. Del Fattore, A., Teti, A., Rucci, N. (2012). Bone cells and the mechanisms of bone remodelling. Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition), 4, 2302-2321. Kular, J., Tickner, J., Chim, S. M., Xu, J. (2012). An overview of the regulation of bone remodelling at the cellular level. Clinical biochemistry, 45(12), 863-873. Long, F. (2012). Building strong bones: molecular regulation of the osteoblast lineage. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology, 13(1), 27-38. Naylor, K., Eastell, R. (2012). Bone turnover markers: use in osteoporosis. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 8(7), 379-389.