Introduction To Aircraft Manufacturing Industry Engineering Essay

The planetary airplane manufacture industry can be isolated into two cardinal areas. Military and endless application and common or business airplane. Business Aircraft includes pretty much nothing and enormous voyager airplanes and even the replenishing airplanes. The large airplane manufacture is primarily done by Boeing organization of the United territories of America and Airbus organization of the European fraternity. In the days gone by, Boeing has been made progress in assuming control over Martin Marietta and McDonnell Douglas, both had other than been in the business of airplane creation. Directly, the huge airplane creation industry is an oligopoly, commanded via Airbus and Boeing, which are in a fierce rivalry against one another. There are other enormous producers additionally, for delineation there is one in Russia however its outcomes were insignificant on the grounds that its customers were restricted to air hoses from Vietnam, Russia and different conditions of the pr evious Soviet Union. The universe airplane industry has gone under a truly consistent developing. Boeing gauges that the overall airplane market would be meriting 5.4 trillion US dollars by 2024 to balance a 5.2 % expansion in overall air travel. It is evaluated that 12,000 to 15,000 will be required by 2020 to run into the turning request. PESTLE AnalysisPoliticalLiberalization of movements between the European Union and the United States has brought about interest of more airplanes. The Aircraft Industry is a duopoly industry including Airbus ( EU ) and Boeing ( US ) . On the off chance that there are to be seen from political agreement they are bipartisan political framework. Anthony Downs proposed a legitimate hypothetical record in the political logical order that suits the situation in the ideal way. His proposition turned around the traditionalist association between party political directions and decisions. He said that on the other hand of gatherings achieving triumph in the races on the balance of the rightness of their agenda, his discoveries give decisions pre-prominence, with allusion that all activities taken by the gathering are planned for augmenting polling forms. Orchestrating to Downes, the two gatherings will look to take after one another each piece much as could reasonably be expected. The two gatherings will keep up their approaches humbly not quite the same as one another. Other than majority of balloters simply need to see minor changes in specialists usefulness. The Market of enormous and fair size airplanes chips away at the equivalent political direction. There is a tremendous agreement among showcase members to what an alluring product contains, that is, a monetarily proficient and safe airplane. In any case, there are other than some contribution plots that have bet in stock plan, just as there are a lot of potential gatherings inside a fair framework. A The Government of the United States and its Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) are viewed as persuasive as they view the biggest air transport advertise known to mankind. Guidelines laid by the European and United states specialists will end up being a significant drive power for requests of new airplane in the coming mature ages. In the comparative way, the deregulating of European air hoses, which started in 1990 ‘s, vows to spread out the business sectors for littler territorial planes. Exchange of huge business jetliners has been sans duty under the comprehension of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) . The high evaluation of political intervention has result on the acquisition of airplane. The assurance of buyers to buy which airplane relies upon the political grounds in light of the fact that the help and mediation from the specialists could result the great beyond of buyers. For Example, soon Boeing ‘s greatest market is China and is evaluated to be for following twenty mature ages. As an outcome China ‘s acquisition of boeing airplanes has prompted bunch of political impact in the United States.EconomicAir traffic in US and UK is probably going to increment as they have only recouped from the downturn. The business airplane is assessed to lift meriting US $ 2 trillion in the moving toward 20 mature ages, which will result into request of 16,600 new airplanes ( evaluated ) . The biggest interest is required to originate from air hoses from China, US and India. Tremendous entirety of developing is normal from the Middle East states. It is normal that China completely w ill require 2,200 new airplanes to run into its movement requests. Plus, worldwide payload division is assessed to turn by 253 % in the accompanying 20 mature ages. China being the greatest developing business sector and sing its populace size, the developing in air riders is probably going to hit up which would follow in expanding interest for new airplanes. High Oil fiscal qualities: approaching oil money related qualities have raised the working expense of air hoses. In the twelvemonth 2007, the overall air hose industry needed to pay 136 billion US dollars for fills, its a 300 % expansion contrasted with what they needed to pay in 2003. Indeed, even in 2008, when oil money related qualities fell significantly, it despite everything represented 32 % of the working disbursals. Worldwide GDP-the essential elements in finding the interest of airplane and developing in the business is the GDP, which is relied upon to turn by 3.2 % by 2030 The planetary downturn: The downturn which instigated a showy globule in load factors in the focal point of 2008. Accordingly, air hoses have been seting airplanes unavailable and reexamining projects to arrange trading for the bing airplanes. In the third one-fourth of 2008 24 air hoses failed. The loses during this period were assessed 4-8 billion US dollars. The acknowledgment crunch: The acknowledgment smash in mix with the previously mentioned factors, has made it hard to purchase new airplanes, air hoses are occurring inconveniences to back new airplanes. Regardless of the acknowledgment crunch, orders for concern and business planes have seen expansion toward the start of 2008, yet the acknowledgment emergencies has brought about holds and recesss and inability to take bringing of numerous aircrafts.SocialRecent changes in the public arena have prompted increment in air travel. Other than modifications in life way of individuals and the perspective of air venture being an executable alternative. Request of air travel is driven by comfort. Be that as it may, the inclination is adjusting as the shoppers travel conclusions is primarily founded on money related worth. Increasing expense and rivalry created by low-valued bearers is affecting majority of Airlines. Business ventures, once a slows down of pay, presently is a conduct by corporate travel rules. As an impact, air hoses are joining their networks to utilize financial frameworks of graduated table, limit ecological effect and offer littler markets with as good as ever benefits. The commotion created and CO2 radiation close to the airdrome is other than a thing of higher worry as individuals populating close to the airdrome are supercharging governments to change thier working manner.TechnologicalIn the business air power industry, there are tremendous aggregate of costs associated with Research and advancement for the improvement of another airplane. European Union authoritiess support European designing R and A ; D part, only as the unified areas specialists does, however FAA, NASA, Department of Defense ( DOD ) and plans that reliefs send out income improvement. In spite of the fact that United areas has multiple times more help than the European fraternity. The Aircraft business is truly requesting with truly elevated proportion of clasp and cash committed to innovations and R and A ; D. Presently a twenty-four hours ‘s C fiber is utilized for the structure of an Aircraft natural structure. ( outline: A350 XWB with 50 % C fiber natural structure ) Fixation on advancement on accomplishing more eco-friendly motors for longer extensions. Utilization of exchange beginnings of fuel to alienate raising oil financial qualities The advancement of supersonic airplane is other than an open door since it will take to inventive movement of entirely different market area. Business bearers will buy these airplanes to run into customers request of making the completion quickly and on cut. The biggest and cost productive advancement for business airplane industry is the quicker structuring of planes. The enlarged manufacture clasp will rescue airplanes creators cut on work and help them to break use assets. For Example: Boeing 777 utilized processing machine to design a worldview, this spared them the expense of developing an existent worldview. In today ‘s competitory universe, machines are other than considered a viable apparatus for the manufacture of aircraft.LegalThere are numerous confinements with regards to come ining the market however because of globalization fortunes have changed furthermore because of US loosened skies understanding. Open skies understanding has prompted smooth progression of national and global trips all through US, advancing Tourss and concern exercises, bettering productiveness and innovative movement of occupation possibilities and monetary developing. Joined region ‘s detached skies strategy has been demonstrated extremely adequate in air hose globalization. It empowered the air hose conveyor ‘s boundless course in the life partners market and option to venture out to all middle and past focuses. This comprehension has offered the most operational flexibleness for air hose unions. This comprehension has been fruitful in achieving more than 100 life partners from each bit of the universe and each level of monetary developing. Other than there is IATA ( International Air Transport Association ) . Its motivation is to flexibly help to air hoses to lessen intricacy of their strategy and increment rider accommodation, reducing costs and create productivity. The open uping improving the worry methodology is basic in this nation. Besides, IATA ‘s essential priority is security and its motivations to constantly better wellbeing models by means of IATA ‘s Operational wellbeing review ( IOSA ) .EnvironmentalEnvironment factors by

Important qualities of a good supervisor (boss) Essay

Everybody needs to be a chief however there are just a couple of individuals who can accomplish this position and furthermore get the title of a decent chief. To be honest talking, it is hard to portray the most significant characteristics of being chief. Various individuals may have various explanations behind their various standards of a perfect chief. Be that as it may, I will give a valiant effort, to portray an exceptional manager in the accompanying passages. One of the most significant characteristics of the best supervisor is authority characteristics. He/she can lead collaboration to right way, so he/she should sort out the individual from group and partition the work on them relying upon their abilities. A decent manager must be dependable of each progression and detail of the working procedure. And so much stuff can assist with expanding the efficiency of the organization. Other significant nature of an ideal supervisor is tolerance. A manager must be increasingly persistent for his/her representatives. This quality is essential for each and every individual who needs to be a decent chief. Humankind isn't impeccable that is the reason it is difficult to abstain from committing errors. In view of this explanation, manager must be increasingly understanding so as to educate and prepare his/her representatives the points of interest of the activity. Taking everything into account an extraordinary manager it is an individual who has numerous characteristics. Be that as it may, on the highest point everything being equal, an acceptable director must sort out and deal with all working procedure for example be pioneer. At that point he/she needs to take care about individuals who work under his/her oversight. For me a decent supervisor must be straightforward, mindful and master in working, and have great administration abilities.

Informative Essay Topics: Finding the Perfect Topic

Informative Essay Topics: Finding the Perfect TopicWhether you're a social worker, a physician, a professor, or an academic advisor, it's important to learn all about informative essay topics. It's your life and you have to write it down, just like in the 'make it or break it' school playground game. In order to be a successful writer, you need to be able to craft a compelling narrative based on facts and statistics. But when you're dealing with topics such as sex education, social issues, social workers, public policy, and the entire idea of educational theory, it's a little more difficult than just making things up.In order to make sure that you come up with sound, informative essay topics, you need to do a little research. There are several helpful resources on the internet that can guide you through the process of research. The key is to find a resource that fits within your level of expertise.For example, if you're a health care professional, you may not be able to cover the sam e subjects as someone who has only recently started studying public policy ideas. In order to better understand the process, you'll need to do a little background work on each topic. There are also various educational courses that you can take online. In addition to learning about topics that you may not be familiar with, you may also want to get an overview of what you should be doing to improve your knowledge and skills.Another good resource is an informal conversation with other people who are passionate about a particular topic. These people can help you evaluate your knowledge base and help you determine whether you're on the right track. Also, if you know the people who will be reading your essay, you may find yourself excited about the idea of becoming more educated about the topic at hand. This can only be a good thing!If you are having difficulty deciding on topics, but know you want to cover something in depth, there are some ways you can break down the overall project. Fi rst, figure out how many parts you will need to write about. In this case, you can either divide your focus into four to six parts, or more. Then, determine the topics in each part.You may also want to create a folder that will keep track of any documents or reports you produce while you are working on a particular social issue. Many of the most common topics revolve around sexuality and relationships, domestic violence, teen pregnancy, religious faith, and so on. The more of these you cover, the better.Another good news is that you don't have to be a doctor or a lawyer to write an informative essay. Education is always a huge subject, and is full of topics that a person may not even be familiar with. In fact, I once did an article on the topic of social service-specific drugs, and I wasn't a medical doctor or a lawyer. Those were the two most well-qualified individuals to write about the subject, but that doesn't mean I can't write about it for a general audience.When choosing a to pic for your informational essay topics, you have to do your homework. Research is your best friend! But if you don't, then you will need to be willing to take the time to do some hands-on research, or consult with people that can help you sort out the best ideas.

Red Blood Cells Function and Structure

Chinese English and Chinglish - Definition and Examples

Speech or writing in English that shows the influence of Chinese language and culture. The terms Chinese English and China English  are often used interchangeably, though some scholars draw distinctions between them. The related term Chinglish, a blend of the words Chinese and English, tends to be used in a humorous or derogatory fashion to characterize English texts such as road signs and menus that have been translated literally and often imprecisely from the Chinese. Chinglish may also refer to the use of Chinese words in an English  conversation  or vice versa. Chinglish is sometimes characterized as an interlanguage. In Global English (2015), Jennifer Jenkins concludes that there are probably more Chinese speakers of English in the world than speakers of any other kind of English. Chinese English and China English With some 250 million Chinese people currently learning to speak English or already fluent, there will soon be more English speakers in China than in the entire British Commonwealth. . . .Since each Chinese ideogram can have many meanings and interpretations, translating Chinese ideas into English is, indeed, extremely difficult. Because of this, Chinese-English hybrid words [such as No noising for Quiet, please, and slippercrafty for treacherously icy road] are often viewed with amusement by the rest of the English-speaking world. Nevertheless, this abundance of new words and phrases, unlikely as it may seem, is one of the prime drivers of the globalization of the English language.(Paul J. J. Payack, A Million Words and Counting: How Global English Is Rewriting the World. Citadel, 2008)On a theoretical level, China English is distinguished systematically from Chinese English, Chinglish, Pidgin English, etc. China English is understood as a standardizing or standardized variety in us e in China, which reflects Chinese cultural norms and concepts. Chinese English refers to varieties of English used by Chinese learners (see Kirkpatrick and Xu 2002). Hu (2004: 27) puts China English at one end of a continuum where lowly Pidgin English or Chinglish is at the other. China English is a language which is as good a communicative tool as standard English, but one which has important Chinese characteristics.(Hans-Georg Wolf, Focus on English. Leipziger Università ¤tsverlag, 2008) Examples of Chinglish Speaking both English and Chinese in ones sentences.Example of a sentence in chinglish: At K-mart, I buy hen duo clothes.(A. Peckham, Mo Urban Dictionary. Andrews McMeel, 2007)Fortified by an army of 600 volunteers and a politburo of adroit English speakers, the [Shanghai Commission for the Management of Language Use] has fixed more than 10,000 public signs (farewell Teliot and urine district), rewritten English-language historical placards and helped hundreds of restaurants recast offerings. . . .But while the war on mangled English may be considered a signature achievement of government officials, aficionados of what is known as Chinglish are wringing their hands in despair. . . .Oliver Lutz Radtke, a former German radio reporter who may well be the world’s foremost authority on Chinglish, said he believed that China should embrace the fanciful melding of English and Chinese as the hallmark of a dynamic, living language. As he sees it, Chinglish is an endangered species that deserves preservation.(Andrew Jacobs, Shanghai Is Trying to Untangle the Mangled English of Chinglish. The New York Times, May 2, 2010)

The Problem Of Drinking And Driving - 1608 Words

There are many problems in the world, but I am only going to focus on one major one. Drinking and driving, the percentage of teens in high school who drink and drive has decreased by more than half since 1991 (â€Å"Teen Drinking and Driving†). One in ten high schoolers drink and drive (â€Å"Teen Drinking and Driving†). Young drivers (ages 16-20) are 17 times more likely to die in a crash when they have a blood alcohol concentration of .08% than when they have not been drinking (â€Å"Teen Drinking and Driving†). Adults and teenagers think it okay to still drink and drive, because people believe they are less drunk than they actually are (â€Å"ReachOut.com†). If someone is drinking and they end up getting drunk, in their head, they believe they can do more than what they actually can do. They feel confident they can drive extra carefully and avoid an incident (â€Å"ReachOut.com†). They believe that while they are driving drunk, they can be carefu l about it and not get caught or get in an accident, but when you are drunk, you have absolutely no control over your body at all. So if you are driving while intoxicated, your body can take over and you ll have no control over what you re doing. Their ability to rationalize is suppressed, leading them to make rash decisions (ReachOut.com). They want to escape personal problems (ReachOut.com). They are trying to forget what is on their mind. They are ashamed or afraid to call someone to pick them up (ReachOut.com). In other words they are afraidShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Drinking And Driving1648 Words   |  7 Pageswaking up one day and realizing the one person who you love dearly has a severe drinking problem. What about finding out that a fellow friend or family member had their life taken from them because someone made the choice to drive after drinking! What if your child’s life was abruptly ended because their friend decided it was cool to drive after having a f ew beers. Well the fact of the matter is drinking and Driving is one of the biggest killers of many young Americans these days. What drivesRead MoreProblems with Drinking and driving1340 Words   |  6 Pages  Driving under the influence, driving while intoxicated, drunken driving, drunk driving, operating under the influence, drinking and driving, or impaired driving is the crime of driving a motor vehicle while impaired by alcohol or other drugs including those prescribed by physicians. In the case of alcohol, a drunk drivers level of intoxication is typically determined by a measurement of blood alcohol content or BAC. A BAC measurement in excess of a specific threshold level, such as 0.05% or 0Read MoreDrinking And Driving1335 Words   |  6 Pages Drink and Driving is and Ongoing Problem Erica Esposito Kean University Abstract This paper explores the research and find results on how drinking and driving has become a big problem in the United States. Drinking and driving effects a person’s ability to operate a vehicle and therefore drunk drivers need to be educated on the repercussions with drinking and driving. Every day drunk drivers are arrested, either for traffic violations, reckless driving, and random stops on theRead MoreTeen Drinking And Driving921 Words   |  4 Pages*date* Teen drinking and driving Drinking and driving is one of the biggest social issues for teens across the United States. Getting behind the wheel of a vehicle after consuming alcohol is a very dangerous thing no matter what age you are. However, teens do not think about the consequences of drinking and driving until it is already too late. Many things contribute to this growing problem of teen drinking and driving. First, there is a lack of education about drinking and driving in schools todayRead MoreDrinking And Driving Is Dangerous1690 Words   |  7 PagesDrinking and Driving is Very Deadly It is very disappointing to see people drinking and driving these days. Have you ever known someone who was injured or have you lost someone so close to you and the cause of his or her death was drinking and driving? It is tragic to see the families who suffer because of injury or the loss of their loved ones because of alcohol. More and more accidents are occurring because of drinking and driving. These accidents often result in injuries and/or death. ForRead MoreResearch Paper Drinking Age1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe legal drinking age refers to the youngest age at which a person is legally allowed to buy and consumes alcoholic beverages. The drinking age varies from country to country. Here in the United States the legal drinking age is twenty-one. There has been much debate on whether the drinking age in the United States should be lowered from twenty-one to eighteen. People in favor of keeping the drinking age at twenty-one believe that there will be less alcohol rel ated injuries and deaths fromRead MoreCause And Effect Of Impaired Driving925 Words   |  4 Pagesseverely injured every day because either they are driving under the influence (DUI) or they are victims of those people who drink and drive. The United States is the country which has the most accidents caused by DUI. According to the article â€Å"Alcohol Involvement in Fatal Crashes†, the U.S has the most impaired driving accidents. Statistics in the article â€Å"Impaired Driving† show that around 10,076 people were killed in ‘alcohol – impaired’ driving in 2013 in the United States. Research shows thatRead MoreDrinking And Driving1180 Words   |  5 PagesDrinking and driving is not always a right thing. When people drink and drive the action of it could get extremely dangerous. Wrecks are one of the main problems that can happen when some people are drunk because some can lose control of what they are trying to do and end up wrecking. Another p roblem is driving under the influence of being on drugs. This can cause serious damage. When people are on drugs, they lose train of thought and half of the time, they forget what they are doing. It does notRead MoreWhy Lower the Legal Drinking Age?801 Words   |  3 Pageslower the drinking age below 21 lose 10% of their annual federal highway appropriations (Haevens). This is the main reason the legal drinking age has not been lower below 21 years of age.a large number of the general population desires a lower drinking age. In the 25 years since the legal drinking age was set at 21, seven states have tried to lower it. (Wechsier ).It is unfair for the federal government to withhold money from states if they exercise their rights to set the legal drinking age to whatRead MoreDrinking And Driving Should Not Be Taken Lightly1500 Words   |  6 Pages Drinking and Driving Have you or someone you know been personally affected by someone who was drinking and driving? If you have then you understand the seriousness of why this is a major problem and should not be taken lightly. Many people have the understanding that they should not drink and drive when they are sober, when they start drinking however, their opinions most of the time change. Alcohol distorts a person s judgement and allows their perception to be altered, people who are under

Bone Remodeling Affected by Osteoporosis-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Bone Remodeling Affected by Osteoporosis. Answer: Introduction Bone remodeling is a cyclical process in which the mature bone tissues are constantly replaced by the new bone tissues. The process of mature or old bone tissue removal is called bone resorption and the process of new bone tissue formation is called ossification (Long, 2012). However, due to osteoporosis the bone remodeling or the reformation of new bone tissues gets affected. While it must be kept within the homeostatic range to minimize the harmful effects of bone thinning. The factors that disrupt the bone remodeling include parathyroid hormone and thyroid hormone (Naylor Eastell, 2012). Discussion The removal of mature bone tissues is both inhibited and enhanced by the signals received from the other parts of the body and the whole process depends on the availability and deficiency of calcium. Parathyroid gland has calcium sensing membrane receptors that senses the level of calcium in the body fluids. When the level of calcium reduces in blood, the parathyroid gland gets stimulated which leads to the secretion of parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin on the other hand reduces the effect of the osteoclasts and inhibits its production. This results in decreased resorption of bone tissues by the osteoclasts (Del Fattore, Teti Rucci, 2012). When parathyroid hormone gets secreted by the parathyroid gland, this in turn increases the level of as well as the activity of osteoclasts. The presence of the osteoclasts before the secretion of parathyroid hormone leads to an increased number and activity of the osteoclasts, the effect of the increased levels of osteoclasts are seen as increased resorption of phosphate and calcium ions. High levels of calcium in blood reduces the release of parathyroid gland and in turn reduced activity of the osteoclasts. Whereas, vitamin D helps in the effective absorption of phosphate and calcium from the intestine. The effects of osteoporosis are evident when the bone tissue formation (resorption) outpaces the process of removal of mature bone tissues (ossification). Due to the effect of osteoporosis bones loses it density, and it becomes fragile and porous (Boyce et al., 2012). The harmful effects of osteoporosis are seen when the effects of osteoblasts in the bone tissue formation falls behind the increased effects of osteoclasts. In the normal and usual bone remodeling cycle, osteoblasts secrete calcium salts and collagen matrix which leads to the formation of new bone tissues. In the next process, the osteoblasts get calcified and its structure gets changed which later forms osteocytes. The levels of calcium in bones are controlled by the osteocytes. The osteocytes remain intact till it is broken down for resorption by the osteoclasts. Thus, due to an imbalance in the levels of calcium in blood, increases the parathyroid hormone and this in turn increases the secretion of osteoclasts. These osteoclasts later remove the phosphate and calcium ions from the bones, and when this process quickens up, results in osteoporosis (Kular et al, 2012). The process of bone formation and the increased resorption by the osteoclasts due to imbalances of calcium in the body is summarized and explained in a concept map Concept Map The concept map explains both the scenarios in which calcium levels drops and increases in blood. When the calcium levels drop, parathyroid hormone releases the parathyroid hormone which elicits the levels of osteoclasts. Osteoclasts then degrades the calcium in the bones which results and in osteoporosis. While, when the calcium is high is blood thyroid gland secretes calcitonin and it stimulates the deposition of calcium in blood. Thus, a homeostasis is maintained References Boyce, B. F., Rosenberg, E., de Papp, A. E., Duong, L. T. (2012). The osteoclast, bone remodelling and treatment of metabolic bone disease. European journal of clinical investigation, 42(12), 1332-1341. Del Fattore, A., Teti, A., Rucci, N. (2012). Bone cells and the mechanisms of bone remodelling. Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition), 4, 2302-2321. Kular, J., Tickner, J., Chim, S. M., Xu, J. (2012). An overview of the regulation of bone remodelling at the cellular level. Clinical biochemistry, 45(12), 863-873. Long, F. (2012). Building strong bones: molecular regulation of the osteoblast lineage. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology, 13(1), 27-38. Naylor, K., Eastell, R. (2012). Bone turnover markers: use in osteoporosis. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 8(7), 379-389.

The Male Versus Female Power Struggle Between Two Character In Etta Jo

The male versus female power struggle between two character in Etta johnson, an excerpt from gloria naylor's novel The Woman of brewster place: A novel in seven stories illustrates the conflict of character's expectration. Both etta mae johnson and Rev. morelond woods want different futeres for thier relationship. etta johnson is looking for a long term relationship that involes marriage. Rev. woods want a now and later relationship that involves having sex now and possibly revisiting his partner later without being committrd to that person. Rev. Moreland wood does have totally different motives for their relationship. tta johnson is jobless and looking for a man to take care of her. Etta friend Mattie adised her to meet a, man who'd be serious about settling down with you(330) Mattie does not feel that the preacher is a good candidate for marriage, but etta is content with her efforts to cause the residents of Brewster to, be humming a different tune whe (she show up there the wife of a big preacher(331) Etta learns that she she is used for sex as power is not powerful enough to cause the Rev. to want to marry her. Rev. woods is looking for something less committing that marriage. woods is looking for a one time event and thinks of his encounter with etta as agame. Rev. woods calls etta worldy women(333) and commends her on her knowledge and understanding the tempory weakness of the flesh and don't make it out to be something bigger than is although she does want more. Rev Mouland Woods does get what he wants from this relationship, sex. Etta johnson is the loser of the power struggles and also of her pride. After getting out of Rev. woods car, Etta stands on the corner in a slumped position as the rev observers her in his rearview mirror this picture of her, caused him to press down onthe accelerator,(333)illustrates his fear of commitment. etta's broken spirit(333) shower her disappointment of not finding love, commitment and someone who cares for her. Although the two character have different motives, they both gained something from their experience. Rev. woods get what he is seeking , a sexual relationship without commitment. Etta johnson does not get a proposal of marriage, but she does get a reality check resulting inher knowledge of her fate. rev. woods is the benefactor of this power struggle.

Waking Life essays

Waking Life essays By watching Waking Life once, our minds could be opened up to some deeper life philosophies that most of us rarely think about on a daily basis. This movie takes us on a journey to explore different peoples views on life and our world and relate to them in one way or another. Characters in the movie talk about many philosophers and their philosophies of life and express their thoughts and opinions through them. The subject of existentialism is touched on as a teacher in the classroom of a university talks about existentialists views on life. He talks about how existentialism is viewed as an unorthodox and depressing philosophy of life by many people and he argues that it is not. He refers to Jean Paul Sartre, a famous existentialist, who once said that he never had a day of despair in his life. The teacher says that even though the philosophy of existentialism tells us that we are abandoned and alone in this world and that the whole concept of universe and human nature is absurd, it gives us great power because we are condemned to be free. He talks about the significance of freedom of choice and that we could be whatever we want to be in this life since we have a right for free will. The teacher says, Your life is yours to create and it is always your decision who you are and by this, in my opinion, he gives his students a great lesson. The language lady was talking about people creating words in order to be able to communicate spiritually. But do we really know we are communicating as we think we do? Here we could see Descartess method of doubt as he would doubt the words to be real and not a part of his hallucination. One thing that we can be sure of is that we exist, our body is real and Descartes says I think, therefore I am. We could doubt everything that surrounds us, everything we hear an ...

Oligopoly and possible collusion in the UK domestic utilities market Essay

Oligopoly and possible collusion in the UK domestic utilities market - Essay Example Utilities market is essential for every country and any disturbance in the utilities market can have detrimental impacts on the economy of the country. It is of utmost importance that every country ensures that the organizations involved in utilities market are operating smoothly and fairly. The following paper would analyse the domestic utilities market in UK, the organizations involved in providing domestic utilities, and the analysis of the recent hike in prices of the domestic utilities. The paper would attempt to evaluate whether the rise in price of utilities in domestic utilities market in UK is a result of oligopoly and possible collusion in the market. DOMESTIC UTILITIES MARKET IN UK Domestic utilities market in UK is a vast and diverse sector of the UK economy. It includes a number of companies that provide energy and other utility services. The UK utilities market comprises of; the oil, petroleum and gas; nuclear power and coal; water and waste management; renewable energy industries; and energy conservation organisations. The utilities market in the UK plays a significantly important in the economy of the country. ... mers, markets traditions, products and knowledge required in order to succeed in the utilities market in the UK are considerably different than those required in other industries. In other industries, the main objective of the companies is to succeed by way of earning more and more profit. The entry in other commercial industries is comparatively easier therefore the number of firms in other industries is high. The competition within an industry is determined by the number of firms and the availability of substitutes in the market, and the level of prices is determined by the extent of competition in the industry. Therefore in the commercial industries the prices of products are determined by the extent of competitiveness of the industry. This situation is completely different from that of the utilities market. Utilities market have fewer number of companies in the market therefore there is a clear tendency for high prices for the utility services therefore regulatory authorities pla y an important role in the utilities market in order to ensure that the prices of services provided to the citizens are reasonable (Simmonds 2000). Even though the utilities market is different from commercial, industrial and residential markets; it is considerably a big sector in the UK economy. From the perspective of revenue, the UK utilities industry forms a significant proportion of the overall economic growth of the country. In the year 2010, the UK utilities industry had total revenue of $126.3 billion. The most successful segment in the UK utilities industry is the electricity segment. The total revenue of the electricity segment was $57.6 billion. It has been anticipated that the industry will continue to grow and the overall value of the UK utilities industry by the end of the

Incentives can lead to improved performance Essay

Incentives can lead to improved performance - Essay Example Desirable incentives can improve employee motivation and therefore performance if constraints are applied reasonably. This paper explores the relationship that exists between incentives and employee motivation. Naturally, human beings act purposefully. The hope for a reward therefore is a powerful incentive that can motivate people to do certain things. In the organizational setup, incentives can be financial or non-financial, and positive or negative. Positive incentives are those that offer positive assurance that certain needs or wants will be fulfilled. On the other hand, negative incentives re those that are purposely applied to correct the defaults or mistakes of workers. Some common forms of incentives include job security, job satisfaction and job promotion. There are several reasons behind the promise of incentives in an organization. Some of the main reasons include to increase productivity, encourage enthusiasm, encourage job satisfaction, increase commitment, and to shape people’s behavior and attitudes toward work (Harpaz, 1990). Individuals will always do whatever they wish to do or otherwise do what they are motivated to do. Many theorists have defined motivation in various ways. Kreitner defines the term as the psychological process that defines the orientation and purpose of behavior. Others define it as the internal drive to satisfy a need that is not satisfied (Murphy, 2009). From the above definitions, motivation may be assumed to be the inner force that drives people to realize personal and organizational goals. Some of the theorists that have contributed to the understanding of motivation include Abraham Maslow (hierarchy of needs), Skinner (reinforcement theory), Herzberg (two- factor theory), Adams (equity theory) and Vroom (expectancy theory) (Terpstra, 1979). According to Maslow, there are five levels of needs. The lower level needs have

New Hire Essay Example for Free

New Hire Essay Dear Mr. Hendricks, My name is Brad Johnson and I am writing you today because I understand you are looking for a new mechanic for your racing team. I would like to inform you of my experience in order to prove to you that I am the right fit for the job that you are offering. I have been following your career as the owner of the top NASCAR team for quite some time now and have always dreamed of being involved with such a successful race team. I have looked forward to being a mechanic since my freshman year of high school. I already have a racing background and hope to expand my horizons by becoming involved with NASCAR and Hendricks racing. I am only twenty years old, but I have been racing and wrenching on my own machines and vehicles since I was nine years old. I have paid keen attention to your team’s track record and I know that your engines are some of the most reliable engines out on the track each and every week. I would like to become the head mechanic for Hendricks racing someday in the near future, but as of now I would be perfectly fine with working as an apprentice to gain my experience and hopefully take over the head mechanic position. I have not only gained mechanical experience from working on my own vehicles and machines, but I have also gathered experience from work and school. I took auto shop in high school for two years and at that moment I knew what field I was to enter after high school. I also had a part time job at fabrication shop in Morgan Hill, California. This shop was Pacific Fabrication and I worked as an intern to broaden my knowledge in the automotive field. I learned a lot at this shop and continued to pursue my career in this industry. After working as an internship for a year, I decided to take my knowledge even further by joining the ThinkBig program offered by Caterpillar at Delta College in Stockton, Ca. I have been going to school to earn my Associates degree and also to get training to become a journeyman technician. I was hired by Peterson CAT as an apprentice and have been working with Peterson for over a year now. Thankfully they have put me through school and helped me grow in the field of a dealer service technician. I love what I do but am looking to go further in life by gaining  more experience and working on machines that I truly have a passion for. To be honest, many people discount my credibility as a technician because I am very young still and may not be as experienced as most of your other tech’s that work for you, but what I lack in age and knowledge, I make up for in my willingness to learn and my ability to reach my goals. I hope you consider me for such an opportunity. I could be a beneficial asset to your company. I have always been interested in high power engines and would love to become your next engine builder. I have been racing long enough to understand that the key to winning is having high quality engines that produce great power and outlast those in competition. I believe that with time and training I could continue to produce engines for your team with just as good of a track record. I have a keen attention to detail which is a necessity when building these high output engines. When I am put to a task I do not ever cut corners to complete it. I have always put much effort into what I do. I never do anything half-way. I have always given my best effort when it comes to completing a task. With the recent advancements in technology, more and longer term mechanics are finding it difficult to work on these machines. Almost everything now days are controlled by some type of computer system. Just a few years ago the engines in NASCAR were carbureted and completely mechanical. With recent advancements in technology, these cars have all been updated to electronic fuel injection systems. Now that these engines are controlled and programmed by a computer, many older mechanics are not able to comprehend this new style of tuning and adjusting which may lead to drawbacks in your racing team. I have been trained through Caterpillar to work on these newer style engines which are all controlled by computers. Most of the work we have been taught is to use laptops to program and troubleshoot problems which is a necessity for fine tuning these engines to make the most power while maintaining reliability. All in all I am a hard working young man that is eager to learn. With the right opportunity I will become the master mechanic that the Hendricks racing team needs more than ever now with the recent advances in technology. I recognize that I am young and may not be the most experienced applicant, but with my eagerness to learn, attention to detail, and experience with these new style computer systems, I am sure that I would be a great match for the Hendricks racing  team. My background knowledge and experience with racing gives me the leading edge over those general mechanics who have not received any kind of formal training in this field. I will strive to be the best employee and technician you have ever had, and I will do all I can to continue to represent Hendricks racing as the best racing team in the history of NASCAR. Thank you for your time and consideration. Sincerely, Brad Johnson

Elements of Plato in John Donnes The Good Morrow Essay example -- Don

Elements of Plato in John Donne's The Good Morrow There are clear Platonic elements in Donne's "The Good Morrow." The idea that Donne and his lady are halves that complete each other is traceable to Plato's theory of love. Lines 7 and 8 of the poem refer to the Platonic World of Ideas: the lady is presented as the Idea of Beauty, of which all earthly beauty is but an imperfect reflection. My argument, however, is that Plato's cave allegory and his World of Ideas are integral to a full understanding of this highly complex poem. The first reference to the Platonic cave comes in line 4 of the poem: "Or snorted we in the seven sleepers' den?" The seven sleepers are seven young Christians who were walled up in a cave in the year 249. Miraculously, they did not die but slept for 187 years. This miracle of early Christianity is negatively presented by Donne and the plight of the seven "snorters" may have a relationship to Plato's cave: there are fundamental similarities between Plato's cave-dwellers on the one hand, and the seven Christians (and the biblical myth of Exodus, for that matter) on the other hand, according to Downing. In both cases, there is a God who cares for the people involved, even though they are unaware of this fact; in the first case because they are asleep, in the second because they mistake shadows of shadows for reality. They are both trapped in a cave from which they apparently cannot escape. And they both dwell in darkness. In a poet of Donne's complexity, it is not far-fetched to argue that line 4 refers both to the seven Christians and to Plato's cave-dwellers, and that Donne wished us to read it in precisely this way. Such an argument is reinforced by the fact that the line is immediately followed by... ...a Platonic Idea is, of course, a paradox, as the World of Ideas is not only deathless but supposedly has existed since the beginning of time.) Alternatively, one can argue that Donne (or his poetic voice) experiences a transient relationship in this poem that may or may not develop into a Platonic Idea. Like Plato's cave-dwellers who came out into the light, however, he has learned a great deal and become capable, as a consequence, of achieving the Platonic Idea of sexual love in a possibly new, deathless encounter that is "mixed equally." WORKS CITED Donne, John. "The Good Morrow." The Oxford Anthology of English Literature. Vol. 1. Ed. Frank Kermode and John Hollander. New York: Oxford UP, 1974. 1024-25. Downing, Christopher. "How Can We Hope and Not Dream? Exodus as Metaphor: A Study of the Biblical Imagination." Journal of Religion 48 (1968): 35-53.

Global Warming, Human or Nature’s Fault?

Along a busy street, a bearded man looking like a prophet is ringing a medium-sized bronze bell in his right hand and holding a sign in his left hand which reads, â€Å"The end is near.† Is humanity to blame or is it just an environmental phenomenon that is induced by nature?This is the overlying debate that has been revolving around the minds of the people of the world. On one hand, there are those who argue that the threat of global warming is human-induced. While on the other hand, there are also those assert that nature is truly the responsible for this. The issue on global warming has always been put as an agenda in the international community for several years now. However, it has only been in the year 2007 that global warming has been given the attention it warrants or deserves.The recent facts and studies made and collected by numerous countries, agencies and organizations across the world have come to an agreement that the world is facing a substantial threat that may cause catastrophic consequences or results that may alter the history of mankind itself. Therefore, in order to battle this threat, the world is trying to understand the primary cause that is making this phenomenon. In doing so, society is looking at either the human explanation or the natural one.Those who are proposing that global warming has been a human-induced product rely on several factors. First of all, they say that the greenhouse gases have been contributing a significant amount of damage that is drastically changing the world’s climate. The major greenhouse gas contributing end-user sectors are the industrial, transportation, residential, commercial and agricultural (U.S. Greenhouse Gas Reports).Moreover, the pollution brought by cars and other heavy machineries such as equipments used in factories are making the atmosphere worse every minute. The fact is that in the United States, more than 90% of greenhouse gas emissions come from the combustion of fossil fuels (U.S. EPA). There are also the problem of dumping garbage and other waste materials. Another factor for human’s induced climate change is deforestation due to the prevailing focus on progress and development.The main cause of deforestation in some countries is the growing population and subsequent higher demand for agriculture, livestock production and fuel wood (Sucoff, 2002, pp. 358 – 359). Finally, the government and private corporations are cutting costs when it comes to being environmentally friendly.The problem or the excuse most are saying is that economic profits or gains will be cut and funds will be needed for the environmentally friendly technologies (Rudiman, 2005, p.153).Others who are proposing that global warming is nature-induced are forwarding the data and research they made scientifically. The basis for their proposal states that global warming is just an environmental phenomenon made by nature itself. They are proposing that this incident have happen ed already in the past as part of a normal cycle the world goes through (Trenberth, 1997).Moreover, there is even geological evidence which states that the earth's climate changes quite a lot; sometimes colder than today and sometimes warmer.   Some have suggested changes in the sun's output of radiation, or changes in the amount of dust in the atmosphere from volcanoes or meteor impacts as natural causes.The earth's climate changes in response to external forcing, including variations in its orbit around the sun and also volcanic eruptions (Robock & Oppenheimer, 2003, p. 360). In addition, the atmosphere to trap reflected sunlight and thus cause the atmosphere to heat up.The two sides are trying to understand the cause of this phenomenon to further gain valuable knowledge and information in dealing with it. But in essence, it is undeniable that global warming poses a substantial threat to society.Works CitedRobock, Alan, and Clive Oppenheimer. Volcanism and the Earth’s Atm osphere,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Geophysical   Ã‚   Monograph 139, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 360, 2003.Ruddiman, William. â€Å"How Did Humans First Alter Global Climate?† (PDF). March 2005 issue. Scientific American. 153, 2005.Sucoff, E. Deforestation. In Environmental Encyclopedia. (P.g.358-359). Detroit: Gale, 2003.Trenberth, Dr. Kevin. Global Warming: It’s Happening. Natural Science, December 4,   Ã‚   1997.US EPA. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-1998,   Ã‚   Rep.   Ã‚   EPA   Ã‚   236-R-00-01. US EPA, Washington, DC, 2000.U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory – U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reports | Climate   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Change – Greenhouse Gas Emissions | U.S. EPA

Woolly Rhino (Coelodonta) - Facts and Figures

Name: Woolly Rhino; also known as Coelodonta (Greek for hollow tooth); pronounced SEE-low-DON-tah Habitat: Plains of northern Eurasia Historical Epoch: Pleistocene-Modern (3 million-10,000 years ago) Size and Weight: About 11 feet long and 1,000-2,000 pounds Diet: Grass Distinguishing Characteristics: Moderate size; thick coat of shaggy fur; two horns on head    About the Woolly Rhino (Coelodonta) Coelodonta, better known as the Woolly Rhino, is one of the few Ice Age megafauna mammals to be memorialized in cave paintings (another example is the Auroch, the precursor to modern cattle). This is appropriate, since it was almost certainly hunting by the early Homo sapiens of Eurasia (combined with inexorable climate change and the disappearance of its accustomed food sources) that helped drive Coelodonta into extinction shortly after the last Ice Age. (Clearly the one-ton Woolly Rhino was coveted not only for its copious meat, but for its thick fur pelt, which could clothe an entire village!) Aside from its Woolly Mammoth-like fur coat, the Woolly Rhino was very similar in appearance to modern rhinoceroses, its immediate descendants--that is, if you overlook this herbivores odd cranial ornamentation, one big, upward-curving horn on the tip of its snout and a smaller one set further up, nearer its eyes. Its believed that the Woolly Rhino used these horns not only as sexual displays (i.e., males with bigger horns were more attractive to females during mating season), but also to clear hard snow away from the Siberian tundra and graze on the tasty grass underneath. One other thing the Woolly Rhino shares in common with the Woolly Mammoth is that numerous individuals have been discovered, intact, in permafrost. In March 2015, headlines were made when a hunter in Siberia stumbled across the well-preserved, five-foot-long, hair-covered corpse of a Woolly Rhino juvenile, later dubbed Sasha. If Russian scientists can recover fragments of DNA from this body, and then combine them with the genome of the still-extant Sumatran Rhino (the closest living descendant of Coelodonta), it may one day be possible to de-extinct this breed and repopulate the Siberian steppes!

Hydration management in acute stroke patients - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3680 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Stroke is a global public health concern with many sufferers presenting with varying levels of confusion (Oh and Seo 2007). Management of hydration in acute stroke patients is not standardised and variations in practice can be very wide between different continents. The sheer number of possible comorbidities and the relative ease with which hydration can trigger concomitant problems can lead to increasing incidence and prevalence of long-term patient care resulting from inadequate hydration management. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Hydration management in acute stroke patients" essay for you Create order Optimum hydration assessment and management are key clinical activities; however, inadequate hydration controls by health professionals persist (Oh and Seo 2007). Research shows that to guide fluid management to desired levels, a regular assessment of the volume status has to be made Scope This literature review is based on works that are found on Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health literature (CINAHL), Cochrane, Department of Health (DoH), National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE), National Medical Council (NMC), World Health Organisation (WHO), Wiley Interscience and CKS databases that relate to hydration in stroke patients and nursing awareness of hydration in stroke patients. There is wide literature on different aspects of stroke and many authors have studied the effects of hydration in stroke patients. This review looks at literature that discusses management of hydration and/or the impacts of variations in hydration management on acute stroke patients outcomes like method of feeding, time- compliance in taking readings or measurements, legal issues and ethical issues. Relevance to clinical practice This literature review looks at relevant studies by experts that are found on credible databases. The purposes of the expert studies are reviewed and analysed to inform better understanding of current nursing practice in hydrating acute stroke patients. Several studies on hydration highlight specific difficulties relating to the assessment and management of hydration in acute stroke patients. There are differences between the management and the assessment of hydration in different hospitals and these complicate improving awareness of managing hydration for nurses in practice. If optimum hydration is directly linked to improved outcomes in acute stroke patients, research will be required to identify and overcome barriers to effective hydration management, including the development of specific tools (and knowledge base) to facilitate interventions that promote optimum hydration in seeking improved outcomes in acute stroke patients. Methods of search and documentation n on-line literature search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, COCHRANE, DOH, NICE, NMC, WHO and CKS from 1999 to May 2009 failed to identify enough relevant articles on hydration in stroke patients. Other sources were then reviewed for available literature on medical journals including the BMJ and American Family Physician. For the on-line computer-based literature searches, the following keywords were used: stroke, fluid balance, hydration, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), dehydration, stroke outcome, cerebrovascular disorders, medical management, artificial nutrition and hydration, dysphagia, dysphasia, pyrexia, acute brain infarction, enteral tube feeding, fluid and electrolyte balance, neurology, withholding treatment, pathophysiology and nurses and hydration Hydration and hydration management in acute stroke patients This literature review looks at one of the issues encountered globally in the treatment of acute stroke patients optimum hydration. It takes a particular look at the nursing awareness, measurement, assessment, methods of intervention and the legal issues associated with hydration in acute stroke patients. Stroke is a debilitating condition and can be caused by an ischaemic event or a subarachnoid/intracerebral bleeding. Stroke patients usually present in hospital with co-morbidities (Oh and Seo 2007). Variations exist in stroke fatalities across geographical regions even within the same continent. Studies by Bhalla et al (2003) across four European centres (London, Dijon, Erlangen and Warsaw) have shown significant variation (after adjusting for case mix) in stroke case fatality, in incontinence, dysphasia, dysphagia, conscious level, pyrexia, hyperglycaemia and comorbidity. There were also significant intervention differences between centres in intravenous fluid use, enteral feedin g, initiation of new antihypertensive therapy and insulin therapy, with the London centre having the lowest uptake of interventions. In another European BIOMED Programme, significant variations in case fatality for stroke between European centres (after adjustment for stroke severity) were observed, with the United Kingdom (UK) centres having the highest case fatality and the lowest levels of independence (Wolfe et al., 1999). There were lower intervention rates in the UK centre to correct abnormal physiological parameters in the acute phase which may reflect a difference in philosophy of acute medical supportive care compared with other European countries (Wolfe et al., 2001). Awareness of optimal hydration balance and assessment of the patients hydration condition (in the care of acute stroke patients) is a fundamental part of critical care nursing and optimising the hemodynamic situation can be seen as a team-effort. One of the important factors determining quality of the circula tion is the amount of circulating blood (Hoff et al 2008). Following a stroke, patients may have swallowing impairment and other changes of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract that could affect nutritional and hydration status and that lead to aspiration pneumonia (Schaller et al 2006). Such changes affect the ability of the acute stroke patient to lead a normal nutritional life. Although the Schaller et al (2006) work did not show a direct link between hydration and other comorbidities, they agree that impaired hydrational status is associated with reduced functional improvement, increased complication rates, and prolonged hospital stays. Hydration and hydration status Hydration balance is a measure of the bodys ability to manage fluids and electrolytes. In order to identify the urgency of interventions, nursing staff should characterize an individuals fluid and electrolyte imbalance as mild, moderate, or severe based on pertinent information including lab tests and other relevant criteria. It is important to recognize that the main electrolyte in extracellular fluid (ECF) is sodium and that of intracellular fluid (ICF) is potassium (Edwards, 2001). Toto (1998) pointed out that large increases or decreases in fluid volume can cause infarct, coma and confusion. This knowledge becomes significant in maintaining cerebral blood flow and in preventing secondary brain insult after an acute stroke. In a complication, respiratory or metabolic acidosis will promote the movement of potassium from the ICF and give rise to high serum potassium levels, which may affect cardiac function (Edwards, 2001). This phenomenon can be seen in many traumatic insults to th e brain. A basic knowledge of this physiology in addition to the homeostatic mechanisms for fluid and electrolyte balance is a vital foundation for nursing practice, and essential to the nurses role in hydration management. Cook et al (2005) highlighted the significance of fluids and hydration in the neuroscience patient and in Cook et al (2004) they highlighted that an understanding of the physiological mechanisms that surround stroke is important for nurses to monitor and treat such patients. Kelly et al (2004) in their study of dehydration and venous thromboembolism (VTE) after acute stroke believed dehydration after acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) is strongly independently associated with VTE, reinforcing the importance of maintaining adequate hydration in these patients. Their study of hydration over a 9-day period showed indication that dehydration was largely hospital acquired and that the association was causal. Although the possibility that VTE was already present at entry to hospital cannot be discounted, tests have shown that VTE is rarely present before the second day post stroke, and then it becomes increasingly prevalent over the next few days. This could be for one of many reasons including poor communication between patient and hospital staff, change of environment for the patient and the physiological impacts of stroke Hydration balance and nutritional/electrolyte balance The differences in how hydration is assessed in different hospitals have been subject of study for some time. The significance of fluid electrolyte homeostasis becomes very relevant in trauma and shock situations such as subarachnoid haemorrhage where an inflammatory response is triggered which causes a significant change in capillary membrane permeability in a short period of time. In such situations, water, electrolytes and albumin move into the interstitial space to permit the site of injury to receive the required factors (third space shift) (Edwards, 2001). A number of physiological mechanisms are required to maintain homeostasis of hydration status, all of which inform proactive nursing assessment, intervention and evaluation. Those with trauma to the nervous system are vulnerable to disruption to the homeostasis of fluid and electrolyte balance (Cook 2005). Older adults may have a poorer capacity to adapt to shifts in acute fluid balance, leading to the possibility of cardiac and renal functions being impaired and, as a result, a lower glomerular filtration rate (Sheppard, 2001). Managing the fluid balance of the stroke patient by intake and output measures needs to be exercised cautiously because even though the patients fluid volume may not have changed, his/her circulatory volume may be significantly lower in instances of major trauma (Edwards, 2001) Good hydration has been shown to reduce the risk of urolithiasis (category Ib evidence) (see Appendix 2), constipation, exercise asthma, hypertonic dehydration in the infant, and hyperglycemia in diabetic ketoacidosis (all category IIb evidence), and is associated with a reduction in urinary tract infections (UTIs), hypertension, fatal coronary heart disease, venous thromboembolism, and cerebral infarct Complications of measurement/control Naso-gastric v PEG, enteral v parentera Patient history taking on presenting in the hospital differs from hospital to hospital. History taking should include assessment of fluid intake and loss, baseline hydrational status, skin turgor, heart rate, blood pressure and urinary output. Normal fluid intake for the average adult is approximately 2-2.5 litres, obtained from food, fluids or metabolic by-products (Edwards, 2001). Methods of measurement are not standardised across hospital settings with Wise et al (2000) showing that faecal fluid losses are often neglected in daily fluid balance charts with the possibility of inaccurate hydration assessment. Fluid assessment must include estimating, as accurately as possible, the quantity of fluid taken in. It must take into consideration the entire processes by which water, potassium and sodium are obtained. Measurements are often mainly focused on the extremes of hydration (optimal hydration and extreme dehydration) and this should not be the case. Assessment of hydrational statu s and need is continuous and begins somewhere along a continuum of severe hypovolaemia/ dehydration to severe hypervolaemia/ overhydration. In looking at dehydration, not only extreme dehydration should be noted. Manz and Wentz (2005) highlight that there is increasing evidence mild dehydration may also account for many morbidities and play a role in various other morbidities. The way in which stroke is managed acutely, such as measures maintaining physiological homeostasis may also vary between different populations (Bhalla et al 2003). The physiological indicators of acute deficits in fluid balance may be masked in individuals where compensatory mechanisms are intact. A history of acute events, mainly from baseline documentation and history taking, may enable better identification of such imbalances (Sheppard, 2001). Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is brought about by the interaction between the renal, pulmonary, neuroendocrine, integumentary and gastrointestinal systems (Edward s, 2001). According to (Cook 2005), fluid and electrolyte management is a fundamental aspect of the role of the neuroscience nurse. Artificial feeding and fluids are the options for a patient who has an advanced, life-threatening illness and is dying. The patient, family members and doctor can talk about these options and the benefits and risks (Ackermann 2000). Hydration and electrolyte status are crucial mediators to the extent of the neuro-hormonal response to trauma. Edwards (1998, 2001) highlighted that homeostasis is maintained by a constant movement of water, sodium and potassium between intra- and extracellular compartments. While the movement of water and electrolytes between the cellular compartments is highly significant, it is important to recognize that in acute and chronic illness intracellular fluid (ICF) is reduced and extracellular fluid (ECF) increased almost to the extreme (Edwards, 2001). This is highly relevant for cerebral metabolism, because transport of oxyge n, glucose, proteins and other products for cellular metabolismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ and their by-productsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ may be severely impaired. Stroke may affect ones level of alertness, perception of thirst, ability to access liquids, and ability to swallow them when offered. Stroke victims with such impairments may be at increased risk for diuretic-induced dehydration (Churchill et al 2004). Managing hydration balance is of crucial importance and the mechanisms for the adequate monitoring and controls need to be in place. Nursing management questions in the assessment of hydration in acute stroke patients should include whether use of intravenous fluids during the first week of stroke was recorded. Questions should also include whether the patient was fed orally, by nasogastric tube, through percutaneous gastrostomy tube, by intravenous methods or not at all? The fact that these questions can be raised enforces the need for adequate documentation and recording of acute stroke pa tient records. Bhalla et al (2002) says that the use of artificial ventilatory support with intubation or nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation should be documented as well as the use of supplemental oxygen given through nasal catheters or masks. Enteral tube feeding is a vital means of feeding and balancing hydration levels in patients with stroke. There are no set standards for hospitals in the UK and hospitals have recorded much variation between them in the timing of the start of enteral tube feeding and whether a nasogastric or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube is used (Ebrahim and Redfern 1999). Some clinicians delay tube feeding for 2 weeks or more, and although early nutrition is unlikely to be harmful, whether any nutritional benefits offset the difficulties and complications of initiating and maintaining early enteral tube feeding is unclear. If the timing or route of enteral tube feeding does affect outcome, the present variation in practice means that large numbers of patients are being denied best treatment. Whether enteral tube feeding via PEG rather than nastrogastric tube or early initiation of enteral tube feeding improve outcomes was tested in the FOOD trials and no evidence of significant benefit from PEG rather than nasogastric tube feeding was found. Neither was any hazard from early tube feeding found (The FOOD collaboration 2003). The explanation for any difference between PEG and nasogastric groups is not clear, but one factor might be the effect of a long-term PEG tube on dependency since more patients in the PEG group were still receiving such tube feeding than in the nasogastric group at follow-up (The FOOD collaboration 2003). The survivors in the PEG group were also more likely to be living in institutions and had lower quality of life. Another intriguing finding was the excess of pressure sores in the PEG group, raising the possibility that those with such tubes might move less or be nursed differently. Wea knesses in this test results include insufficient statistical power to exclude more modest differences between groups; no information about the proportion of eligible patients enrolled in each centre; our use of an informal (although reliable and highly predictive) assessment of nutritional status; absence of precise monitoring of patients daily intake of nutrients (rather than fluids); absence of on-site source data verification or collection of information on changing nutritional status (e.g. in-hospital weights); possible bias due to masking of secondary outcome measures. Although compliance was not 100%, this fact results from the inevitable difficulties of adhering to rigid schedules when patients conditions change. Difficulties with nasogastric feeding in stroke patients (who are often confused and uncooperative) have led to increasing use of PEG tubes at an early stage. Enthusiasm for this method has been encouraged by the results of a trial that reported much lower case fata lity rates in patients fed via PEG (13%) rather than nasogastric tube (57%) (The FOOD trial collaboration 2003). Due to significant alterations in fluid balance after enteral tube-feeding in patients, close attention to the recording of fluid balance such as intake/output measurements, body weights and simple bedside assessments is needed to detect fluid imbalances and other serious complications at an early stage (Oh and Seo 2007). One explanation for the varying and inconsistent readings in fluid hydration between enteral and PEG might b Stroke patients and the impacts of stroke on life Difficulty with swallowing is a common problem in acute stroke patients, and can lead to aspiration pneumonia, dehydration, and exacerbation of any existing malnutrition (Finestone and Greene-Finestone 2003). In Oh and Seo (2007) the authors set out to examine the fluid and electrolyte complications after enteral tube feeding in acute brain infarction patients. The background is that inconsistencies in the results of the water and electrolyte complications associated with enteral tube feeding are partly because of uncontrolled disease-related variables. The implication is that these variables were not adequately managed. Stroke patients very often present with dysphagia and this is very commonly dehydration associated with undernutrition (The Food Trial 2005). Up to half of stroke patients in hospital have dysphagia, which precludes safe oral nutrition for the first few days and can persist for long periods (Mann et al 1999). Although a 50% prevalence can be considered to be high, th e nutritional/fluid status of a stroke patient can rapidly deteriorate in hospital. The difficulty in feeding stroke patients with dysphagia coupled with the discomfort associated with stroke can exacerbate undernutrition and/or dehydration. Studies show that undernutrition shortly after admission is independently associated with increased case fatality and poor functional status at 6 months (The FOOD trial collaboration 2003). The current financial burden of efficiency savings and reduced budgets in the NHS hospitals results in reduced staff numbers so that patients can not be attended to on a one-on-one basis so that ensuring appropriate hydration levels is done by periodic but regular monitoring of charts. An option for the future in this area may be to involve the patients family members in hydration monitoring and provide them with appropriate training if evidence can show that being around loved ones improves outcomes and early warnings. In acute stroke, artificial nutrition t hrough an enteral route is needed because of dysphagia and since oral feeding is unsafe in some dysphagic patients, enteral nutrition is often administered as nasogastric or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube feeding (Finestone and Greene-Finestone 2003). Naso-gastric tube feeding (a prevalent enteral method) has been reported to improve clinical outcomes more than the parenteral route in brain-injured patients (Rhoney et al 2002). Oh and Seo (2007) in their study used 85 subjects, but their work was limited by the fact that it was performed retrospectively and some of the subjects records were incomplete. Also, because the patients in the study were from one hospital it is not conclusively known whether the results can be generalised to the whole population./p Legal and other aspects Japanese physicians attitudes towards artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) as a life-sustaining treatment (LST) were examined to find out if they withhold or withdraw the LST when treating older adults with stroke-caused profound impairment with no hope for recovery. The study findings show that the informants held different views towards LST because most doctors considered ANH to be indispensable and ANH is automatically provided to patients (Aita and Kai 2006). With the advancement of medical technology, decisions to withhold or withdraw LST are among the most difficult to make for health professionals (British Medical Association 2001). Physicians caring for stroke patients often encounter comatose or semi-comatose patients with severe stroke for whom it is difficult to determine whether or not to continue care (Asplund and Britton, 1989). By administering LST, some patients in this patients group, whose bodily functions other than brain function could remain stable, could pot entially survive for months or years without achieving awareness or being able to interact with others (Aita et al 2008). Certain Japanese physicians have criticized the current efforts regarding life prolonging as Aita et al (2008) states: Prolonging the process of dying like this constitutes the violation of dignity and human rights. The life-prolongation only serves hospital operators who want to make profits by keeping hospital beds occupied. They also said this practice impacted the carers and that some nurses also feel emptiness toward the manipulative life-prolongation when taking care of these elderly patients. In the West, some countries have worked out nation-wide guidelines related to withholding or withdrawing LST that say stroke-caused profound impairment with no hope for recovery is a potential reason to withhold or withdraw LST (British Medical Association, 2001). Ackermann (2000) believes withholding and withdrawing therapy challenge family physicians to be excellent communicators with patients and families and recommends that family physicians should continue to be strong advocates for dying patients. Sprung et al (2003) highlighted differences between withholding and withdrawing therapy showing that withdrawal of therapy is followed by a nearer and more rapid death than withholding therapy, and that physicians and nurses were more inclined towards withholding rather than withdrawing therapy. Food and water are considered symbols of caring (Ackermann, 2000), therefore, it may be natural for physicians to give a special status to ANH as food and water. Whether to withdraw ANH from a patient in persistent vegetative state has also drawn substantial media attention in the U.S. (Casarett et al., 2005; Ganzini, 2006). The findings of the study also suggest that the physicians double standard is partly based on their subjective judgment whether the treatment is ordinary or extraordinary. However, the standard of ordinary/extraordinary care has long been criticized as too vague to guide decision-makers in the U.S. (Beauchamp and Childress, 2001). It is believed the current legal framework has also inappropriately led some physicians to simply continue care regardless of the patients conditions, thus resulting in putting an unnecessary burden on patients. The physicians subjective interpretation of the current legal framework may lead to decisions not to initiate mechanical ventilation in some older adults for fear of facing a situation in which physicians cannot withdraw it at a later stage Conclusion Hypovolemia and hypervolemia occurred frequently after acute stroke but were often not recognized as such by nurses. The nurses predictions of current volume status do not seem sufficiently reliable to serve as a basis for therapeutic decisions. More advanced techniques for bedside assessment of volume status may be indicated for optimizing volume status in patients with acute stroke (Hoff et al 2004). Whereas studies have looked at the optimal method of improving hydration, whether correcting dehydration in stroke improves outcome is not very clear. Given the complexity of the cell death cascade following brain ischemia, novel approaches and combination therapy are inevitable for victims of stroke (Fisher and Brott 2003). The review indicates that standards vary from country to country in the legal framework for withdrawing and withholding hydration and nutrition during end stage care.

The Election Of 2016, By Milton Friedman, Joseph Stalin,...

After taking these two quizzes, I was really intrigued by the results because I have never really taken surveys like these and it was interesting to learn more about myself and political views. On the first quiz, which was the political compass, the results stated that I am more of a Liberal leftist. When looking at the results in comparison to different leaders, I noticed that I was placed closest to Nelson Mandela. Also, when I compared my results specifically to the candidates in the Presidential Election of 2016, I was farthest from Donald Trump and closest to Jill Stein. I think that I was pretty well matched on this quiz, but I don’t agree with some of the details. I believe that this was a good match because on the very first chart after taking the quiz, the people shown were Adolf Hitler, Margaret Thatcher, Milton Friedman, Joseph Stalin, and Mahatma Gandhi. On this chart, I was placed closest to Gandhi, who was a liberal leftist and believed in the supreme value of e very individual, which is something that is extremely important to me. He also believed that peace was essential in life. Although I agree with him on this specifically, I don’t fully agree with absolutely no violence at all. Sometimes we need protection against other countries and attacks, etc. However, he fought hard to lead India to independence and he stimulated movements for freedom and civil rights in and across the world. I certainly agree that I should be placed closed to

Scarcity Principle free essay sample

The trick is to recognize them and use them in the right way Robert explains that this Scarcity Principle works on the idea of Reactance. Essentially, it happens because none of us like to be told no, limited in any way, or have our freedom constrained. So, when we think we might miss out, not be chosen, or be denied what we want, we react. That reactance makes us try all the harder and want what is denied us all the more. Think of it like reverse psychology used on little children. When you tell Tommy he can’t play with dirt, he will do it. Apparently, according to the research, grown-ups are no different. Scarcity, in the area of  social psychology, works much like scarcity in the area of  economics. Simply put, humans place a higher value on an object that is scarce, and a lower value on those that are abundant. The thought that we, as humans, want something we cannot have drives us to desire the object even more. This idea is deeply embedded in the intensely popular, â€Å"Black Friday† shopping extravaganza that U. S. consumers participate in every year on the day after  Thanksgiving. More than getting a bargain on a hot gift idea, shoppers thrive on the competition itself, in obtaining the scarce product. There are two social psychology principles that work with scarcity that increase its powerful force. One is  social proof. This is a contributing factor to the effectiveness of scarcity, because if a product is sold out, or inventory is extremely low, humans interpret that to mean the product must be good since everyone else appears to be buying it. The second contributing principle to scarcity is  commitment  and  consistency. If someone has already committed themselves to something, then find out they cannot have it, it makes the person want the item more. . Scarcity and Indecision in Dating and Relationships One study that supports this assertion came from Whitchurch, Wilson, and Gilbert (2011). The authors had college women view Facebook profiles of four male students. They were told that the men had previously viewed their Facebook profiles as well. The authors then randomly told the women that the men had one of the following reactions to their profiles: 1) the man like d them a lot, 2) the man liked them an average amount, 3) the man was uncertain of his feelings. Initially, women reported liking the men who liked them a lot a bit more than the ones who only liked them an average amount. However, the women liked the uncertain men the most of all. They rated the uncertain men as the most attractive and even thought the most about them over time. Scarcity at work Another study supporting this scarcity effect on desire comes from Johnco, Wheeler, and Taylor (2010). These authors were interested in the bar phenomenon of all the girls get prettier at closing time or â€Å"beer goggle†. In other words, the phenomenon that men and women both rate members of the opposite sex as more desirable, the closer a bar gets to closing. Historically, this phenomenon was attributed to alcohol consumption. It was reasoned that patrons simply got drunk, which negatively influenced their decision-making and impulsivity. However, Johnco and associates came up with a different answer. They measured both blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of participants and attractiveness ratings of opposite sex individuals during the course of the night. BAC increases (i. e. getting drunk) did not account for the whole increase in attractiveness of the opposite sex. Given that, the authors reasoned that the effect was at least partially due to scarcity. As the night goes on, the time left to find a partner diminishes. Also, the people who are left to choose from reduces too. So, it becomes just like a one-day sale at the mall. The leftovers look mighty attractive as they become scarce at the bar—much like they do on the sale rack. 3. The psychology of scarcity in marketing: How many times have you bought something impulsively simply because you felt it wouldnt be available later due to consumer demand? Not only does the principle of social proof tell us that a product is good because other people think it is, but we are also in a hurry to buy this product because we are in direct competition with others. Advertisers consistently and slyly attempt to exploit our natural tendency to want scarce products and services in high demand. Realtors may tell an indecisive prospect interested in a house that there is another potential buyer. Appliance retailers advertising close-out sales events make it painfully clear that merchandise is limited and that large crowds are expected. And grocery and department stores are notorious for generating a competitive fury by advertising great deals on certain items. It is a good idea to be on your guard any time you feel the pressure to buy anything that appears to be scarce, especially when you are given the impression that the item is in high demand. Realtors may not always be telling the truth when it comes to claiming another buyer is competing for a house you like. Appliance retailers having a close-out sale may have an unlimited supply of merchandise, whose price tags are not significantly better than the competitions. And grocery and department stores may severely limit the supply of â€Å"loss leaders† simply to get you into their stores. Organizations that provide false or misleading information about the scarcity and demand for their products and services are hoping that consumers feel automatically pressured to buy. These organizations know that peoples common reaction to the combination of scarcity and competition hinders an individuals ability to think straight. They are banking on cognitive processes being suppressed by emotional responses. If you ever find yourself being pressured by scarcity in a sales situation, use your emotional â€Å"hurry-to-buy† reaction as a warning that scarcity tactics may be in full force. Once you have regained a calm, rational perspective, ask yourself if you really want to experience the item or merely want to possess it. If you desire something for its utilitarian value (i. e. , because you want to use it), then remember that scarce items do not necessarily look, sound, taste, feel, or work any better simply because they are scarce. But if you desire something primarily for the purpose of owning it (i. e. , because you gain social, psychological, or economic benefits), then you can use its availability to determine how much you want to pay for it. 4. Does it work in Vietnam? The answer is YES. â€Å"Sale† banner are everywhere, and even if that is still not enough to attract consumers, there will be lots of â€Å"Big sales† and â€Å"Special offers† around the corner. Vietnamese people are human-beings, just like any other parts of the world, and thus must be under the influent of Scarcity Principle. Recently, there is an article posted on Vnexpress reporting about the â€Å"Fan street† in Hanoi. Nguy? n Luong B? ng street used to be the focuspoint of about twenty shops of house-hold appliances, mainly sells fans and ACs. Due to a construction plan for a new crossing bridge from Kim Lien to Hoang C? u, those stores are forced to be demolished before April 15th ,2013. Just to beat the deadline,shop-owners in that section of the street began their biggest sale of this year. All twenty stores discounted their goods, the average drop in prices is around VND300000, which is quiet significant. Consumers reacted positively with this â€Å"sale†,buyers crowded the street till midnight to bring home a new fan, some even bought more than one. Nonstop sales till midnight Of course shop-owners did not give up their business that easily, some revealed that they had already found a new place to move their store into. Clearly this is a opportunity for the sellers to gain a huge revenue. Their sales skyrocketed, with a though-significant-but-small drop in price. A small business trickery but a profitable one. The second â€Å"Scarcity† in Vietnam, sadly, relates with rare animals. The financial boom in Vietnam has led to a change in appetite. Protected bears, tigers, turtles, snakes, and fish are among the casualties of ‘refined’ culinary taste. It seems that for many, the best way to demonstrate new wealth and power in Vietnam is to eat something rare, something potentially illegal. Most of the â€Å"delicacies† come from poachers and foreign smuggling networks. And not just for the exotic meat, endangered animals are also traded for decorations â€Å"trophies† and medicines that hardly work †¦. And not just Vietnam, other countries like China and the majority of SEA are to blamed. Though actions had been taken but to fully stop the problem, the main problem lies inside people’ conception that consuming rare animals gives them more power. The truth is, you stay the same whether you eat a chicken or an eagle. Propaganda campaigns are set up to change people need of Scarcity but still changes are due in long-term plan. In both situations, Scarcity Principle is used by sellers to influence buyers’ attitude, thus the benefited is the selling side. Also misuse of Scarcity may leads to harmful effect, as animals went extinct. So each time you see a â€Å"sale† , just be careful not to be persuaded by a â€Å"generous† dealer, it might be a costly trap. 5. Conclusion: â€Å"The way to love anything is to realize that it might be lost. † The Scarcity Principle works with all aspect of our life, from self-motivation to a successful business negotiation, even have control over someone’s decision†¦etc. A simple yet universal law of human mind . References: -Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion by Robert Cialdini -Experiment results from psychologytoday. com -â€Å"Fan street† : http://vnexpress. net/gl/kinh-doanh/2013/04/giai-toa-pho-quat-dien-tieu-thuong-chay-dua-xa-hang/

Personal Statement - Geography free essay sample

Our world is filled with many undeniably, fascinating geographical anomalies and mysteries. So many so, that we may never truly unlock all of the secrets it holds. The Earth is constantly changing, shifting and exposing new secrets for us to wonder at; It is that curiosity that captures and fuels my imagination. I am currently studying Geography, Maths, Art and Welsh Baccalaureate at A-level. Studying Geography has provided me with the analytical skills, gained through writing essays and oral presentations, needed for my degree. It has heightened my interests for the subject; challenging me to provide an answer for each of my questions. I have particularly enjoyed learning about global geographical issues and the effects of such problems. I came to realise that the delicate balance of the Earth is dependent on not just one factor, but many. All of my subjects have been beneficial in providing me with a wide range of skills and insights which will support my study of Geography at degree level. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Statement Geography or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By studying Maths, I have increased my logic and problem solving skills. The techniques I have learnt will be valuable when analysing investigation work. Art has allowed me somewhere to unleash my imagination, I have enjoyed all aspects of my Art A-level but particularly sketching and painting coastal environments. In addition to my studies, I have also been fortunate enough to experience Geography hands on, this has enabled me to explore geographical theory in a living setting. Whether it be witnessing, first-hand, global warming affect the agricultural lives of those around me, with this years wash-out summer. Or, experiencing the geographical significance of the ancient world whilst visiting the phenomenal pyramids. Travelling has also allowed me to improve my awareness of the social, environmental and economic differences around the world. This summer I had the opportunity to experience the captivating society, culture and poverty of Kenya, on a month long expedition as a member of Africamp 2012. Here, I worked as part of a team; helping to construct a secondary school in the village of Tigithi, successfully summiting Mt Kenya and working with street children in Tigithi and Embu. This was a real eye-opener; experiencing and adapting to a truly different lifestyle. The trip was also a chance to observe fair trade and sustainable tourism first-hand, as well as opening my eyes to a 16000 ft, Stratovolcano full of glaciers, valleys and species I could only dream of seeing on TV. I feel my travels have personally enabled me to see the causes and effects I have studied, mixing one of my passions with the subject I love. I currently work part time in Conference and Banqueting at The Celtic Manor Resort. This has given me the experience working hands on in tourism; liasing with the public and being part of a workforce that has helped the economic development of the hotel soar. I believe that my versatility, academic and hands-on experience means that I would be a perfect candidate to study Geography at degree level. The jump from A level to University is a challenge that I am greatly looking forward to.

A Contemplative Essay What Is Reality Essays - Ontology

A Contemplative Essay: What Is Reality? I believe we each perceive things differently, and the combination of all our perceptions creates how we view the world, creates our reality. Im not going to pretend to know what reality is, but I know what I think it is, and what I think it should be. Reality should be what each and every one of us wants it to be. There should be no duplicate realities, just like there are no two snowflakes the same. What my reality is should never be the same as what your reality is. For each person has different, albeit special, beliefs. And these beliefs should be what, over the years, shape our reality to what it is. Not what somebody else says is going on, not what everyone else is doing, but what our heart says is real. It should not make a difference in my reality that some guy is running down the street naked. For that one man running down the street will never be able to do anything good for me, or bad against me. Even if a car hits that man my life should not change in anyway. What is in my heart is there, has always been there, and will always be there to hold my reality steadfast. Now I know we have all heard this in advice about the opposite sex over and over again, but for each and every one of us to live our true reality we have to be who we are and act like ourselves every minute of everyday. For to each and every one of us we are what is real and everyone else around us is fake. For us not to do something that we want or for us not to say something that we want to say is taking away from our reality. Every time we take away from our reality we take part of our special little contribution to this world away. Each one of us expects people to be real to them so why should we lie to others and not be real to them and ourselves. I see reality in this light because; I find it hard to believe that I have the same reality as the serial killer down the street. When he goes on television and says he killed all of those people because everyone was out to get him, that is his reality. His mind may have somewhat altered the perceptions that his reality is based upon, but it was based upon those perceptions nonetheless. Im sure the little old lady that he has buried under his rose garden was just minding her own business, possibly picking up his trash for him. In his reality, she was probably looking for dirt on him. In my reality, on the other hand, I might thank her and cut her grass. Also, in my opinion, our reality changes as we grow. When we are first born the trees and clouds outside are not part of our reality, because we havent even seen them yet. And, when Aunt Pete and Uncle Bob first come to visit, they will just be two loving relatives. The nature of the relationship will not even matter until knowledge on the subject edges into the mind. The transition from 6th to 7th grade was particularly hurtful to my reality. I wasnt the big guy in the school anymore. There were older people acting like I was when I was the King of the Hill, so to speak. When I got to my senior year it (my reality) took another course. All of a sudden, my classes werent so easy anymore, and I wasnt able to breeze through them like before. Teachers were preparing my fellow classmates and I for college, and they started grading a little tougher, as college professors would. My point being, reality is not something to be set up against a standard. It is totally abstract from every other reality around it. Life as we know it is nothing but our respective realities meshing together. Philosophy